Glaciers and icefields

Jasper National Park

Jasper's Glaciers – Quick facts

Number of glaciers: 392 (2021)
Major rivers fed by glaciers: Hudson’s Bay (Atlantic Ocean) North Saskatchewan & Brazeau Rivers; Arctic Ocean- Athabasca and Smoky Rivers; Pacific- Columbia and Fraser Rivers.

Jasper National Park is the home of the largest bodies of ice remaining in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Every ecosystem and landform has been moved, affected, shaped and modified by them. Glaciers found in Jasper release water that impacts the well-being of even more ecosystems and landforms found far from here. And, these glaciers impact millions of people living downstream in North America.

Jasper's glaciers Glacier features Landscape features Research Experiences

Meet Jasper's glaciers

We’re pleased to introduce some of Jasper’s most interesting glaciers. Scroll through the images to find more, including many that you’ve never seen.

List of glaciers

Name	Description	Image
Athabasca Glacier	The Athabasca Glacier is Canada’s most accessible glacier and Jasper’s best known.
Dome Glacier	Dome Glacier is Athabasca’s closest neighbour, located just north of it. Visible from the Icefields Parkway.
Saskatchewan Glacier	The longest glacier of the Columbia Icefield, this glacier is best seen and experienced from Parker Ridge.
Stutfield Glacier	Another Columbia Icefield glacier that is visible from the Icefields Parkway a few kilometres north of Athabasca.
Columbia Glacier	Jasper’s hidden giant, this glacier pours into a lake and is the headwaters of the Athabasca River.
Columbia Icefield	The expanse of the Columbia Icefield is more than 300 km² of ice, with glacier ice feeding numerous glaciers and sending meltwater into BC and Alberta rivers.	Natural Resources Canada
Top of Mount Snowdome	This peak is one of two hydrological apexes (triple continental divides) in North America. Water from glacier ice here flows to the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic Oceans.	Natural Resources Canada
Angel and Cavell Glaciers	Jasper’s classic Angel Glacier gives way to Cavell Glacier below. Both can be easily seen from Path of the Glacier Trail in the Mount Edith Cavell area.
Brazeau Glacier/Icefield	Headwaters of two important watersheds, the Brazeau feeds water into the same named river to the south and east, as well as the more famous waters of Maligne Lake - the largest glacially fed lake in the Canadian Rockies.	Photo credit: G. Horne
Mount Balinhard	This small cirque glacier is found on one of Jasper’s easternmost peaks.	Photo credit: G. Horne
Clemenceau Icefield	Another relatively large icefield that straddles the continental divide, feeding into the Columbia River system in BC.	Natural Resources Canada
Robson Glacier	Mount Robson is just west of the park, but its large glacier complex straddles the continental divide and provides some of the headwaters for the Smoky River: a river that travels north to the Peace River and eventually Great Slave Lake.	Photo credit: G. Horne
Resthaven Icefield	Jasper’s northernmost icefield, bordering the Willmore Wilderness Park. Water from this icefield feeds into the Smoky River watershed.	Natural Resources Canada
Southesk Glaciers	Amongst the most easterly glaciers in the park and amongst the few front range glaciers in Alberta.
Mount Dalhousie	Another front ranges mountain peak with glacier ice. Possibly Jasper’s most easterly.	Google Maps

Glacier recession

For more than a century, glaciers in Jasper have been shrinking. Driven by warming temperatures, research from a variety of sources shows that our glaciers are in trouble.

Glacier recession in numbers

From 2021 to 2024, Jasper has lost about 4.3% of its total glacier ice. If current trends continue, the park’s glaciers will disappear within the next century.
From 1985 to 2024, Jasper has lost 21.8% of its total glacier mass. The Columbia Icefield alone has lost nearly 13.3% of its ice over that same period.
From 2017 to 2024, the Columbia Icefield has lost about 1.5 cubic kilometres of ice. That’s enough water to fill nearly 590,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools – about 1.47 million megalitres of water.
In 1985, Jasper had 299 glaciers. By 2021, that number had increased to 392. This doesn’t mean glaciers are growing. As large glaciers melt, some of them break apart into smaller pieces, which are now counted as separate smaller glaciers. In other words, larger glaciers are shrinking and fragmenting. Smaller glaciers are more susceptible to rapid melt and less resilient to warming temperatures.
Peak water flows in the Athabasca River are staying higher for longer into the summer and fall. Other rivers and streams across the park are changing in similar ways.

Information on methodology

Where did Parks Canada get this glacier recession information from?

Special thanks to Brian Menounos and Caleb Mattias from UNBC, the Hakai Institute and Natural Resources Canada for compiling this new data and making it available for the Parks Canada visitors and web-based audiences.

Jasper National Park legislative boundaries were obtained from the Natural Resources Canada Open Government data portal. The area extents – surface areas – for glaciers found in the Columbia Icefield calculations follow the flow-shed divides between individual glaciers (Stutfield, Dome, Athabasca, etc).

The extents of glacial areas can be measured in a number of ways, but perhaps among the most precise methods is in the use of LiDAR mapping technology.

What exactly is LiDAR?

LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and create detailed 3D models of objects and environments. It works by emitting laser pulses and measuring the time it takes for the light to return after hitting a target, allowing for precise distance calculations. For this project, airborne LiDAR surveys of glaciers in Jasper’s Columbia Icefield were made possible by the Hakai Institute in partnership with the Airborne Coastal Observatory. LiDAR technology has a wide range of mapping and research applications in Parks Canada places.

How many lidar images does it take to make a map or study of Jasper’s glaciers?

Airborne LiDAR surveys produce millions of individual laser measurements, which together form a dense “point cloud” of the surface that can be processed into an image where each pixel represents an elevation value of the surface.

What methods were used to count the glaciers?

Each glacier was counted once using satellite photos to determine the number of individual glaciers, where it be as small as .05 km² glacier and as large as a 264 km² ice sheet. The count of individual glaciers represents one glacier each, regardless of size.

How were glacier extents determined?

All the extents of glaciers were delineated manually and saved as shapefiles using satellite imagery from the years 1985, 2021 and 2024. Satellite images were filtered to minimize cloud and snow cover and exported using Google Earth Engine.
The extents of glaciers used to measure volume were taken from 2009 glacier boundaries published by Tennant and Menounos (2013).^{Footnote *}

How were individual glaciers distinguished from one another within the Columbia Icefield?

Flow shed divides are heights of land in an icefield that delineate one glacier’s glow from another and separate the Columbia Icefield into 25 separate glaciers.

Note: this method was used to calculate individual glacier volume change statistics within the icefield (e.g., estimate volume changes of Athabasca, Stutfield, etc.), and is not reflected in the number of glaciers for each year. For that data, the icefield was treated as one contiguous glacier.

Work by Parks Canada and partners

The first priority in managing Canada’s national parks is protecting and understanding ecological integrity. Glaciers and icefields play a vital role in the health of glacier-fed rivers, streams, and lakes, as well as alpine and subalpine ecosystems.

To understand what’s happening, Parks Canada focuses on monitoring, documenting, and researching glaciers. This work helps us understand how and why glaciers are changing.

There is still much to learn, and Parks Canada cannot do this work alone. We work closely with many research partners who study different aspects of glacier change. Together, their findings help build a clearer picture of the past, present, and future of glaciers in Jasper. Visit the Jasper National Park glaciers research website to learn more about these projects.

Working together

Glacier melt and loss is a worldwide phenomenon. These changes can feel overwhelming, but action also requires individuals and grows through collective effort.

What can you do?

Take actions at home that reduce your footprint on the world.
Stay informed about glacier change and how communities can adapt.
Join or support organizations that work to create change to protect these special places and reduce climate impacts.

Picture the change

Every year, Parks Canada and our partners record the changes that are happening on the landscape through a variety of monitoring methods, including repeat photography.

Athabasca Glacier on a foggy day, with the ice significantly receded and a glacier lake where the glacier used to stretch.

Athabasca Glacier stretching almost the entire width of the image with rocks on the left side.

Athabasca Glacier in 2012; Athabasca Glacier in 2024

Common glacier landscape features

The Athabasca Glacier is arguably North America’s most accessible glacier. It’s the perfect place to learn about glaciers and the power they have to shape and affect the landscape.

On the ice

Close-up view of glacier ice showing its texture and horizontal lines. — **Glacier ice**
Glacier ice includes years upon years of fallen snow, compressed to include layers of ice.

Snowy landscape with snowfall in progress. — **Icefall**
Glaciers flow like a river of ice, falling over rock cliffs as icefalls.

Bird's-eye view of a glacier with visible cracks and breaks (crevasses). — **Crevasse**
Once past the icefall, glaciers crack and break open as crevasses.

Close-up view of multiple crevasses, highlighting the intricate textures and visible breaks in the ice. — **Crevasses in flow**
Crevasses occur as the ice flows over rock features underneath.

Icy landscape featuring a meltwater stream running through the middle, with a hiker equipped with walking sticks and crampons walking through it. — **Meltwater stream**
On the surface of the glacier, meltwater forms on ice, creating creeks and streams.

Close-up of a cryoconite, showing distinct layers of gravel, sand, and dust. — **Cryocanite in glacier layers**
Glaciers pick up gravel, sand, dust, and other particles. Once these materials bond in the ice, they are called cryoconite. These darker particles absorb solar energy and can accelerate glacial melt.

Close-up of stagnant ice, surrounded by layers of rock. — **Ice core moraine**
When glaciers retreat, ice core moraines (stagnant ice) can be left behind for years.

Photo taken from inside an ice cave, showing a slit with a bright view of the outside, featuring mountains and snow. — **Ice caves**
Ice caves are formed by summer meltwaters that recede in winter. They are dangerous and should not be entered.

In the forefield

View of a forefield, blanketed in snow on a cloudy day. — **Cold, windswept forefield**
The area at the foot of a mountain glacier is often a harsh landscape called a forefield.

View of the forefield in summer, featuring gravelly and uneven terrain with some remaining patches of ice. — **Summer time forefield view**
Glacier forefields are fascinating places where glacier ice recently existed, filled with evidence of past glaciers.

View of a snowy slope with a narrow rocky ridge (moraine) and a few pine trees to the right. — **Lateral moraine**
Some forefields are hemmed in by narrow rocky ridges called moraines - the highest point where glacier ice once was.

Close-up of a meltwater lake with the glacier toe above it, featuring icy surfaces with visible lines and cracks. — **Meltwater lake with blue water and glacier toe**
Meltwater lakes are often found in forefield areas, like this one at the toe of Saskatchewan Glacier.

View of a snowy forefield with sparse vegetation and a large boulder peeking out. — **Erratic at the toe of Athabasca Glacier**
Like a large conveyor belt at a construction site, glaciers carry rocks, gravel and sometimes boulders. Rocks like this left behind are called erratics and can be found throughout the Rocky Mountains.

View of a bedrock with numerous lined scrapes and a few rocks on top, with the Rocky Mountains in the background. — **White scrapes in dolomitic rock/striations**
As rocks are carried by the glacier, they scratch and scrape the bedrock below, leaving behind these lines called striations.

Close-up ground view of gravel and silt at the glacier toe, with the Rocky Mountains in the background. — **Alluvial fan at the base of Little Athabasca Glacier**
As glaciers melt, the water will deposit gravel and silt at the toe of a glacier, forming alluvial fans like these.

A close-up view of Peyto Glacier's vibrant blue waters on the left side, with rugged bedrock formations visible on the right side. — **Striking blue water of Peyto Glacier**
Glacial waters are often characterized for blue or green colours generated by the glacial till (rock flour) they carry.

A close-up view of the ground, showcasing multiple plants growing amidst rocky terrain. — **Colonizing plants at Cavell Glacier**
Within just a few years of a glacier receding, plant communities thrive in these newly opened landscapes. Plants are colonizing forefields faster in the wake of a warming icefield climate.

A landscape view of braided rivers filled with sediment, with a larger river visible in the background, two pine trees, and a lake further down. — **Braided river valley**
When glacial rivers are full of sediment and alluvium, they can form braided river valleys not far downstream. Each year and when high water occurs, new channels are carved and moulded.

A sunny landscape featuring multiple pine trees, with longer branches and leaves on one side than the other. Some snow remains on the ground. — **Krummholz effect**
Constant driving winds off the nearby glaciers cause trees to grow stunted and with longer branches in the opposite direction. This is a process known as krummholz.

A landscape shaped by ice

Just about every landform and feature in Jasper National Park was somehow or another affected by glaciers of long ago. About 11,000 years ago most of the valleys were filled with ice that scoured and powered through the mountains, moulding and sculpting the valleys of today. Let’s take a closer look at some of the clues and echoes of these ancient glaciers, some of which are a big part of the park’s visitor experience today.

A sunny landscape showcasing a U-shaped valley with a river flowing through the center. — **U shaped valleys**
Jasper’s river valleys have distinctive u-shapes carved by glaciers during the last ice age.

A landscape with steep peaks surrounding the area, pine trees, and brown ground. Grey rocks and boulders are visible on the right side. — **Cirques**
Throughout the Rockies, semi-circular valleys are left behind by glaciers where they are carved into the mountains they sat aside of. They can be seen throughout the park.

A bird's-eye view of the terrain, featuring a long and narrow, finger-shaped lake surrounded by meadows. — **Finger-lakes**
Moving ice in the Athabasca valley carved out finger-shaped lakes, such as the First Lake within the Valley of the Five Lakes. Many finger lakes are easy to visit, including Pyramid and Patricia Lakes closer to Jasper.

A bird's-eye view of the terrain, featuring several circular or oval lakes, some buildings, and a braided river. — **Pothole Lakes**
Pothole lakes occur when a chunk of glacier ice breaks off and forms a spring-fed depression in the ancient gravel and silt of the valley. Many remain to this day on the landscape, such as Mildred Lake, Lake Annette and Lac Beauvert.

A snowy, rounded mountain with orange and brown pine treetops in the foreground. — **Roche moutonée**
When ancient glaciers moved across the mountains, sometimes they were over-ridden and rounded off, becoming roche moutonnees such as The Whistlers, a prominent Jasper peak.

A close-up view of gravelly ground with plants and flowers growing. — **Thin, gravelly soils**
Much of Jasper’s soil looks like this: thin, sandy, silty material left behind from glaciers and meltwater rivers.

A gravelly and hilly landscape with a blackened, burned forest and snowy Rocky Mountains visible in the background. — **Gravelly landscape features**
Like giant bulldozers, those thin soils and gravels were sorted and distributed across our valleys in a variety of features, leaving behind a heavily impacted terrain.

A view from above of a braided river with light blue water, with a pine tree forest visible at the very edge of the image. — **River braiding and glacial till**
Glacial rivers like the Athabasca carry rock flour (glacial till) for hundreds of kilometres. When the rivers slow, this loose material settles out and forms braided channels like these.

Sand dunes with tree trunks and branches growing within them, a lake, and the Rocky Mountains in the background. — **Ancient glacial lakes and modern day dunes**
Downstream on the Athabasca, thousands of years of rock flour sediments form the basis for Jasper Lake: a wide, shallow part of the river with the largest sand dune landscape in the Canadian Rockies. Jasper Lake can be seen on Highway 16 in the east end of the park.

A large boulder with dead trees in the background and additional boulders further back. — **Erratics**
These boulders, also known as erratics, were left by glaciers thousands of years ago. Found throughout the Athabasca Valley, they were carried by ice rivers and deposited during the last ice age. Notable locations include 93A, Valley of the Five, and Old Fort Point. The boulder atop Old Fort Point by the red chairs is a prime example.

Research projects

The park’s vast array of glaciers and alpine landscapes make for excellent places for scientists and glaciologists to come and study the rapid impacts of climate change. Parks Canada is proud to work with them and share our advancing knowledge of these special places. These are just a few of the research studies that happen here:

Icy and citizen science - how you can help

Everyday visitors take thousands of photos of Jasper’s glaciers every year. But starting in 2025, these photos will be part of an exciting new citizen science project! Parks Canada and the University of Waterloo are teaming up to document glacier recession in two locations in the park, several in Glacier National Park in BC and several other locations in provincial parks in BC.

Measuring glacial melt and retreat

A glacial landscape with a researcher kneeling and examining some equipment, with a long instrument drilled into the ground. — Researcher monitoring the glacial melt of the Athabasca Glacier with an ablation rod.

Glaciers in Jasper National Park are melting and retreating at an ever-increasing rate. Over the last century, the Athabasca Glacier has been melting and its toe has been retreating towards its source, the Columbia Icefield. Parks Canada and Natural Resources Canada (Geological Survey of Canada) scientists cooperate to measure the rate of glacier ice loss each year by monitoring a series of instruments drilled into the glacier from high in the icefields to the tip of the glacier toe. The research team traverses the Athabasca Glacier and Columbia Icefield multiple times every year to measure snow accumulation, ice melt, and download on ice weather stations. Glaciers are an essential source of fresh water to the streams and rivers of Jasper National Park and beyond. Understanding how glaciers are changing will inform us on the impacts to the natural environment and communities.

Learn more about glacier mass balance studies in Jasper:

Mapping glaciers in mountain environments

Scientists from the University of Northern British Columbia, Hakai Institute and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) have studied glacier change in Jasper National Park for several decades. Their work has mapped volume and area change of the Columbia icefield over the past 100 years. Since 2017, the researchers have quantified changes in water storage over the Columbia Icefield using airborne surveys (laser altimetry and aerial photography) that take place twice a year – one at the end of the accumulation season (early May) and again at the end of summer (late August/early September). Those surveys allow the scientist to detail the response of the icefield to events such as heat waves, wildfire activity and changes in climate.

UNBC scientists are also mapping glacier change within Jasper National Park as part of their western Canadian work to assess how climate is affecting glacier loss throughout western Canada.

Learn more about glacier mapping research:

Studying ancient ecosystems through ice-buried organic matter

Researchers from the Royal Alberta Museum, Parks Canada, and Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute are studying a glacial remnant of Fraser Glacier (a detached toe of ice at the glacier's terminus). The team analyzes organic matter from this location to recover small preserved plant and animal fragments such as seeds, pollen, and soil mites. Jasper National Park has many locations where remnant glaciers and ice patches are covered in rocky rubble that helps to insulate glacial ice years, or even decades, after the main body of a glacier recedes. These ancient organic materials were preserved when glaciers advanced across the soil they were found in and material deposited onto the ice over time. Their analysis gives scientists clues as to what plant and animal communities in Jasper were like at that time.

A glacier cave with rocky terrain and ice, revealing how ice lies beneath the surface of what initially appears to be rock. — Fraser glacier remnant.

A microscope image of a large pollen grain and other material moving through the frame. — Microscope image of D. Alder (Alnus) from the Fraser Glacier sample.

Glacier surface used as NASA training ground

Athabasca Glacier is certainly an alien-like ice surface in many respects, but in 2022 and 2023, scientists from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) travelled to Jasper National Park to test out a robot called EELS (exobiology extant life surveyor). Propelled like a snake over the ice and into the glacier, scientists hope this robot can be used to search for life at Enceladus–one of Saturn’s moons. Enceladus has an icy surface covering a liquid ocean, and is considered one of the best places in the solar system to search for life beyond Earth. Because of the glacier’s accessibility and location, NASA scientists came here to test it out.

Learn more about the the NASA JPL EELS mission concept:

Viewpoint from an ice cave of a robot and a researcher looking down. — JPL’s EELS 1.5 robot gets lowered into a vertical shaft in the ice on Athabasca Glacier, September 2023.

Close-up shot of a snake-like robot on a glacier surface with a mountainous background. — Team of JPL researchers deploying the EELS 1.0 robot at Athabasca Glacier, September 2023.

Five researchers looking at a snake-like robot with some tents and mountains in the background. — Version 1.0 of JPL’s EELS robot raises its head from the icy surface of Athabasca Glacier, September 2023.

Using tree rings to date climate and glacier fluctuations

Dendrochronology involves the study of dating tree rings and samples taken from ancient forests. Tree rings from trees that grew near Athabasca and Dome Glaciers have been used by Dr. Brian Luckman and colleagues to date glacier advances at those glaciers and to reconstruct summer temperatures over the last 900 years. This record confirms cooler summer temperature conditions during the early 1700s and early-mid eighteenth centuries. During this time, Athabasca and Dome Glaciers advanced to their Little Ice Age maxima (the maximum height of moraines still seen in today’s glacier forefields).

Using repeat photography to understand glacier recession

Perhaps the oldest form of glacier research in Jasper is the use of repeat photography. Using historical images gathered from archival collections, researchers have been re-visiting the sites where photos were taken and documenting the immense changes on the landscape. Dr. Brian Luckman, a lifelong glacier researcher from Western University, has led much of this important field of study: particularly in locations such as the Athabasca and Angel Glaciers.

Another good place to view this kind of photography across the Mountain Parks and throughout BC and Alberta is the Mountain Legacy project, a collaboration of several provincial and federal agencies and the University of Victoria.

Climate change and glaciology

Two researchers, one mostly out of frame, with the other looking directly at a drill on the glacier surface. — Researchers using a custom winch to help drill for water (and motion) measurements at the bottom of the glacier.

Photo credit: B. Armstrong

While many of the park’s research projects help document changes to the park’s glaciers as a result of climate change, Billy Armstrong’s work is among the most recent. Using GPS markers, ice-penetrating radar, and holes drilled to the bottom of the glacier, his work on Athabasca Glacier is helping create a more detailed picture about the speed of a glacier changes in a warming climate, and how this could impact the glacier's future ice loss. Billy’s work showed that Athabasca Glacier is slowing mostly due to its bed becoming stickier due to changes in glacier shape as well as meltwater lubrication. This slowing has likely lessened the glacier's ice loss, but is not sufficient to reverse it.

Learn more about his team’s work:

The International Year of Glacier Preservation

In 2025, the United Nations is urging everyone to recognize the vital role glaciers play in the health of our planet. This year is not only a celebration of the beauty of glaciated landscapes but a call to action in the face of changing snow and ice. We invite you to explore and join efforts to protect these critical natural resources for the future.

At Jasper National Park

Day hikes with glacial views

Jasper is one of the best parks to get glacier views safely and comfortably from the safety of established official hiking trails. Remember that hikes to see glaciers are some of the most popular. Be prepared for parking challenges and congestion in peak season.

For easy walks near a glacier:

Hike up the Toe of the Glacier trail and combine it with the short 2km Forefield trail.

For a moderately strenuous hike:

Parker Ridge is a short but sweet 2km trail to the top of an alpine ridge with tremendous views of Saskatchewan Glacier (this trail is just inside Banff National Park).

For moderate hikers with a longer approach:

Wilcox Pass leads to a stunning viewpoint over Athabasca and Dome Glaciers with some of the park’s best alpine meadow terrain to lead you there.
Bald Hills is a 5.5km hike to the top of several low-lying mountains with substantial views over the Maligne Lake area. Glacier views are distant, but include several classic peaks and glaciers to the south. Bald Hills is a good example of recently glaciated alpine terrain.

In the area

Explore Meltdown! A Drop in Time

Together with the Guardians of the ice, Parks Canada is pleased to be partnering to present an exciting new gallery experience at the Columbia Icefield Centre for the next three summers. Using some of the highest-resolution photography available, these photos will move and inspire you to take action to protect glaciers. Plan on spending time to catch one of several immersive films about the Icefields area and to explore interpretive exhibits featured here.

The Columbia Icefield Centre is located 103 km south of Jasper on Highway 93. Learn more about the work of the Guardians.

Help monitor glaciers over time - Take an ‘Icy’

Parks Canada, BC Parks and the University of Waterloo are joining forces to create a citizen science based experience to help capture the retreat of several important glaciers in Canada’s mountain west. Take a photo from either Icy cell phone station location at the Athabasca and Angel glaciers while visiting Jasper and upload it using the sign’s instructions.

Historic climbing achievement exhibit

Celebrate the 100th anniversary of the first climb of Mount Alberta by visiting the Jasper-Yellowhead Museum and Archives by visiting their exhibit about this historic climbing achievement.

Virtual resources

Glacier travel

A Parks Canada visitor safety staff member descending into a very narrow crevasse, equipped with ropes, gloves, and a helmet. — Parks Canada Visitor Safety practices an ice rescue on the Athabasca Glacier.

Glacier travel has long been an exhilarating and unique part of backcountry travel in the Canadian Rockies. It’s also not for everyone. Significant experience, training and understanding of the hazards and dangers in this complex environment are necessary. Visitors to mountain parks and glaciers have several options for seeking out safe glacier experiences including bus tours, guided ice walks or longer custom trips led by certified mountain guides. Never walk on glacier ice or inside ice cavern terrain without the proper skills and experience.

Visitor safety and guidelines
Ski touring, alpine ski touring, and ski mountaineering

Date modified :: 2026-01-29

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